Browsing by Author "Ulupinar, Suleyman"

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Acute and Chronic Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Serum Irisin, Adropin, and Cholesterol Levels in the Winter Season: Indoor Training Versus Outdoor Training
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2020) Ozbay, Serhat; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Sebin, Engin; Altinkaynak, Konca
The aim of this study is to investigate the acute and chronic effects of aerobic training performed indoors and outdoors on irisin, adropin, and cholesterol levels in winter. Thirty-two healthy males participated in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: outdoor group (n = 16) and indoor group (n = 16). They then performed 40-min aerobic running exercises 4 days/week for 18 weeks. The outdoor group trained at -5 degrees C-5 degrees C environmental temperature, while the indoor group trained at 21 degrees C-25 degrees C. Blood samples were collected before and after the 18-week training period and immediately after the first training. The results showed that single aerobic exercise induced minimal increase in serum irisin concentrations in both groups. In addition, irisin levels did not change in the outdoor group but significantly decreased in the indoor group after the 18-week training period. Aerobic exercise had no acute or chronic effects on serum adropin levels in the indoor group. However, the aerobic training caused a decrease in adropin levels chronically, but there was no acute effect after single aerobic exercise in the outdoor group. Furthermore, there was no acute effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol after single aerobic exercise in both groups. However, after the 18-week training period, there was a significant increase in HDL-C levels in both groups. Moreover, the increase in HDL-C in the outdoor group was higher than in the indoor group. Thus, this study provides evidence for the beneficial chronic effects of aerobic exercise and cold on HDL-C levels as well as the beneficial acute effects on irisin concentrations.
Aerobic Capacity and Respiratory Indices of Junior Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes during Incremental Exercise Testing
(Nature Portfolio, 2024) Tortu, Erkan; Ouergui, Ibrahim; Deliceoglu, Gokhan; Keles, Ali; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Ardigo, Luca Paolo
The present study compared the isocapnic buffering phase (ICB), hypocapnic hyperventilation phase, ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) among biathlon and cross-country ski athletes during an incremental exercise test. 37 male and 33 female Turkish National Team athletes volunteered to participate in the research. Body fat percentage, lean mass, and fat mass values of athletes were measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method, and oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured with a portable cardiopulmonary exercise test system with a ramp protocol on the treadmill. In VT, RCP, and VO2max phases, male athletes had higher VO2 and speed values than female athletes (p 0.05). Additionally, XC skiers and males had higher absolute (Abs) VO2 and mass-normalized (Rel) VO2 values than biathletes and females in exhaustion times and ICBs (p 0.05). In addition, XC skiers and males had higher absolute (Abs) VO(2 )and relative (Rel) VO2 values than biathletes and females in exhaustion times and ICBs (p 0.05). These results indicate significant differences in physiological profiles between male and female athletes and between XC skiers and biathletes.
Aerobic Exercise in Cold Weather May Affect Metabolic Diseases and Bone-Cartilage Formation by Increasing CTRP-3 Levels
(Wiley, 2024) Sebin, Saime Ozbek; Sebin, Engin; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Ozbay, Serhat; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Altinkaynak, Konca
Aerobic exercise is recommended by clinicians in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise in cold weather on CTRP-3 levels and its potential implications for metabolic diseases. Twenty-seven healthy young individuals (age = 22.1 +/- 1.7 years, BMI = 22.2 +/- 1.3, and n = 27; 13 female and 14 male) voluntarily participated in this study. Participants performed 40 min aerobic running exercise at 0, 12, and 20 degrees C environmental temperatures. Our study demonstrates that 40 min of aerobic exercise at temperatures of 0 and 12 degrees C significantly increased CTRP-3 levels in athletes, while no significant change was observed at 24 degrees C. The main findings indicated significant differences between pre-and post-exercise CTRP-3 values for 0 degrees C (p = 0.001) and 12 degrees C (p = 0.005) environmental temperature, whereas no significant difference was found at 24 degrees C (p = 0.148). Additionally, two-way ANOVA revealed that both the temperature (0, 12, and 24 degrees C) and exercise (pre- and post-) affect serum CTRP-3 levels (p = 0.023). CTRP-3 elevation from baseline to post-exercise in the 0 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 24 degrees C were +23.4%, +10.6%, and +8.1%, respectively. These findings suggest that engaging in aerobic exercise in cold weather conditions may serve as an effective intervention against metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity. The significant increases in CTRP-3 levels following aerobic exercise in cold weather conditions justify the need for further, more extensive studies to assess their potential impact on metabolic diseases, as well as cartilage and bone formation. Athletes' serum CTRP-3 levels in 40 min aerobic exercise at 0, 12, and 24 degrees C were evaluated by comparing them with their baselines and healthy controls' values. The significant increase in CTRP-3 levels of 0 and 120C of aerobic exercise suggests that it may influence metabolic diseases and bone-cartilage production.
Attitudes Towards Nutritional Sport Supplement of National and International Kickboxers
(Natl Cave Research & Protection Organization, India, 2020) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Ozkara, Abdullah Bora
This study aims to investigate the nutritional ergogenic aids attitudes levels of the active Turkish kickboxers in terms of gender, competition weight, competition category, education status, income levels, and the status of the kickboxers whether international athletes or not. The Attitude Scale toward Nutritional Sports Supplements (ATNSS) was used in this study, which consists of the sub-dimensions benefit, side effects and ethics, natural nutrition. The side effects, ethics and natural nutrition sub-dimensions of female athletes were significantly higher than male athletes. When the relationship between income level and ATNSS sub-dimensions was examined, the side effects and ethics sub-dimension was significantly lower in the athletes with low income than the athletes with middle and higher income. Examining ATNSS' sub-dimensions according to their university education levels, the benefit sub-dimensions scores of athletes studying at the faculty of sports sciences were significantly higher than the athletes who did not study in the sports departments. Further, the benefit sub-dimension scores of the international kickboxers were significantly higher, and the side effect and ethic and natural nutrition sub-dimension scores were significantly lower than the national kick boxers. Conclusively, it is thought that informing the kickboxers about nutritional ergogenic sports supplements may be important in terms of increasing awareness and sporting performance in this area.
Comparing the Effects of 25-Minute Electrical Muscle Stimulation Vs. 90-Minute Full-Body Resistance Training on Body Composition and Strength: A 20-Week Intervention
(Elsevier Singapore Pte Ltd, 2025) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ari, Ugur; Kishali, Necip Fazil; Ince, Izzet; Cabuk, Salih; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Ozbay, Serhat
Objectives: Electromyostimulation (EMS) and traditional resistance training (TradRT) are widely used methods for improving muscle strength and body composition. However, comparative studies employing a multi-week longitudinal design remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 20 weeks of EMS vs. TradRT on body composition and strength performance in physically active adults. Methods: Forty-six participants were randomly assigned to either the EMS group (n = 22) or the TradRT group (n = 24). The EMS group performed twice-weekly, 25-min whole-body EMS sessions, while the TradRT group completed twice-weekly, 90-min full-body resistance training sessions. Results: Assessments of body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat percentage, and maximal strength were conducted at baseline, 10 weeks, and 20 weeks. A significant time effect was observed for all variables (p < 0.001), indicating improvements in both groups. However, group x time interactions revealed distinct adaptation patterns. The TradRT group exhibited greater reductions in body fat percentage and superior strength gains in bench press, leg press, shoulder press, and triceps pushdown, and abdominal strength. Conversely, the EMS group showed greater reductions in body weight and BMI. No significant interaction effect was observed for biceps curl strength. Both EMS and TradRT were effective in improving strength and body composition, but TradRT led to greater strength development and fat reduction, while EMS was more effective for weight and BMI reduction. Conclusions: These findings suggest that EMS may serve as a viable alternative for individuals unable to engage in high-load resistance training, whereas TradRT remains superior for maximizing strength and fat loss.
The Contribution of Energy Systems During 30-Second Lower Body Wingate Anaerobic Test in Combat Sports Athletes: Intermittent Versus Single Forms and Gender Comparison
(Public Library Science, 2024) Tortu, Erkan; Ouergui, Ibrahim; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Ardigo, Luca Paolo
Combat sports, encompassing a range of activities from striking and grappling to mixed and weapon-based disciplines, have witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. These sports are demanding, requiring athletes to harness energy from different metabolic pathways to perform short, high-intensity activities interspersed with periods of lower intensity. While it is established that the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PC) and anaerobic lactic systems are pivotal for high-intensity training sessions typical in combat sports, the precise contribution of these systems, particularly in varied training modalities such as single (SMT) and intermittent (IST) forms of the 30-second Wingate test, remains inadequately explored. This study aims at comparing performance outputs, physiological responses and gender differences during the SMT and IST forms of the 30-second Wingate test. Thirty-three highly trained combat sports athletes (17 women, 16 men; 10 boxing, 8 wrestling, 8 taekwondo and 7 karate) randomly performed SMT and IST. The IST consisted of three 10-second all-out attempts separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery, whereas the SMT was a single 30-second maximal effort. Resting, exercise and post-exercise oxygen uptake and peak blood lactate value were used to determine the metabolic energy demands via the PCr-LA-O-2 method. The findings showed that total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE), ATP-PCr system contribution and the output of mechanical variables were higher in the IST than in the SMT form (all p0.05). In combat sports, performance is not only determined by physiological and technical skills but also by metabolic energy input and efficiency. Therefore, our results can provide a comparison regarding the effects of exercise type and gender on metabolic energy metabolism to design the training of combat sports athletes.
The Contribution of Energy Systems in Repeated-Sprint Protocols: The Effect of Distance, Rest, and Repetition
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Hazir, Tahir; Isler, Ayse Kin
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of rest intervals, sprint distance, and number of repetitions on performance variables, physiological responses, and energy system contributions in repeated-sprint protocols when total distance variable was the controlled (300 m). Method: Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. The four protocols, each totaling a distance of 300 m, consisted of the combination of 15 and 30 m sprints with 30 s rest intervals (15meters30sec and 30meters30sec, respectively) and 1:5 work-rest ratios (15meters12sec and 30meters22sec, respectively). Aerobic, glycolytic, and phosphagen energy systems' contributions were calculated from the oxygen consumption (VO2) during the exercise, net lactate production, and the recovery VO2 kinetics using mono-exponential models. Repeated measures ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction was applied to examine the hypothesized differences. Results: The findings indicated that total sprint duration (F3:45=281.14; p<0.001), percentage of performance decline (F3:45=16.58; p<0.001), delta lactate (F3:45=39.72, p<0.001), rating of perceived exertion (F3:45=28.64; p<0.001), energy demand (F3:45=101.6; p<0.001), VO2 during the rest intervals (F3:45=42.72; p<0.001), and the absolute contribution of glycolytic (F3:45=119.6; p<0.001) and phosphagen energy systems (F3:45=72.9; p<0.001) were lowest in the 15meters30sec compared to other protocols. However, the relative contribution of aerobic system was greatest in the 15meters30sec compared to other protocols (F3:45=28.1, p<0.001). Both absolute (F3:45=119.6; p<0.001) and relative contribution of glycolytic system (F3:45=88.5, p<0.001) were greatest in the 30meters22sec compared to other protocols. Conclusion: This study showed that increasing sprint distance when rest interval is equal and decreasing rest interval when sprint distance is equal can increase the glycolytic system contribution.
Counter Movement Jump and Sport Specific Frequency Speed of Kick Test to Discriminate Between Elite and Sub-Elite Kickboxers
(Univ Palackeho & Olomouci, Fak Telesne Kultury, 2020) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Gencoglu, Cebrail
Background: Although counter movement jump (CMJ) test has been used for years to measure neuromuscular power, it is unclear what is the sensitivity of CMJ in distinguishing between combat athletes. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the ability of 10-second frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) and CMJ to distinguish between elite and sub-elite kickboxing athletes. Methods: Twenty-four kickboxers voluntarily participated in this study. The inclusion criteria for all participants were to compete in the national championships at least the last three years. Athletes reaching at least a quarter-final were considered as elite (n = 12, age 21.3 +/- 1.8 years, body height 176.0 +/- 0.6 cm, body mass 70.91 +/- 9.1 kg, training experience 7.2 +/- 1.8 years) whereas athletes who could not reach the quarter-finals were considered as sub-elite (n = 12, age 20.0 +/- 1.6 years, body height 177.0 +/- 4.5 cm, body mass 69.05 +/- 5.24 kg, training experience 6.21 +/- 0.62 years) in the national championship held in the last tournament. Participants performed 10-second FSKT and CMJ test twice. Independent t-test was used to determine whether there were differences between groups and effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated. Additionally, a discriminant function analysis was used to determine which test most accurately distinguished elite and sub-elite kickboxers. Results: Body height, body mass, body mass index, and training experience did not significantly differ between the groups (p >.05), while CMJ (p = .001, d = 1.49) and FSKT (p < .001, d = 2.56) were significantly higher in the elite group than the sub-elite group. According to discriminant function analyses, FSKT correctly classified participation of 91.7% athletes in the elite and sub-elite groups, while CMJ correctly classified 70.8 % of athletes. Conclusions: This study suggested that FSKT can be used to determine successful and non-successful kickboxers since it is more effective at distinguishing the groups than CMJ test.
Effect of Origanum Dubium, Origanum Vulgare Subsp. Hirtum, and Lavandula Angustifolia Essential Oils on Lipid Profiles and Liver Biomarkers in Athletes
(Walter de Gruyter Gmbh, 2022) Maral, Hasan; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Baydir, Aysegul Turk; Ozbay, Serhat; Altinkaynak, Konca; Sebin, Engin; Ince, Izzet
This study aims to determine the effects of essential oils of Origanum dubium (DUB), Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (HIR), and Lavandula angustifolia (LAV) on lipid profiles and liver biomarkers in athletes. Thirty-four trained athletes were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups or the control group (CON). The concentrations of serum lipids and liver biomarkers were assessed before and after the 14-day essential oil intervention. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed 68.0 and 82.1% carvacrol in DUB and HIR, respectively, and 34.50% linalyl acetate and 33.68% linalool in LAV essential oils. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated a significant difference (p = 0.001) among the groups for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) when the associated preintervention values were used as a covariate. The related pairwise comparisons revealed that DUB (p = 0.001) and HIR (p = 0.024) had greater HDL-C values than CON. From the two-way ANOVA, an interaction between time (before vs. after) and the groups (DUB vs. HIR vs. LAV vs. CON) was found for HDL-C (p = 0.030). Findings indicated a significant increase in DUB (p = 0.0001) and HIR (p = 0.010) for HDL-C, and there was a significant decrease in DUB (p = 0.023) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, there was no difference in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and all liver biomarkers.
Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Performance, Physiological Responses, and Bioenergetic Pathway Contributions During Repeated Sprint Exercise
(Frontiers Media SA, 2024) Ozbay, Serhat; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Ouergui, Ibrahim; Oget, Furkan; Yilmaz, Hasan Huseyin; Ardigo, Luca Paolo
Introduction This investigation aims to elucidate the impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on performance, physiological responses, and bioenergetic pathway contributions during repeated sprints.Methods Fourteen active male Muslim athletes (age = 22.4 +/- 1.8 years, body weight = 69.5 +/- 3.8 kg, height = 176 +/- 5.1 cm) executed a repeated sprint protocol, consisting of ten 20-meter sprints with 15-s passive recovery intervals, during both fasting and non-fasting conditions. The fasting session was conducted after a 12-14 h fast following Sahur (the pre-dawn meal during Ramadan). In contrast, the non-fasting session occurred before the Ramadan fasting period began, during the same hours of the day, at a time when fasting was not yet required for the athletes. Bioenergetic pathway contributions during repeated sprints were quantified using the PCr-LA-O2 method.Results The mean sprint time during fasting sessions was 3.4 +/- 0.3 s compared to 3.3 +/- 0.2 s in non-fasting sessions, indicating a trend approaching the threshold of significance for slower times in the fasted state (p = 0.052, effect size (ES) = 0.34). In terms of bioenergetic contributions, the total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE) was slightly lower during fasting sessions (236.5 +/- 22 kJ) compared to non-fasting sessions (245.2 +/- 21.7 kJ), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.102, ES = 0.40). Similarly, metabolic energy expenditure per sprint was 23.7 +/- 2.2 kJ in fasting conditions compared to 24.5 +/- 2.2 kJ in non-fasting conditions (p = 0.106, ES = 0.35). The oxidative energy contribution did not differ significantly between fasting (34.2 +/- 4.1 kJ) and non-fasting conditions (34.2 +/- 4.1 vs. 35.5 +/- 5.2 kJ; p = 0.238, ES = 0.28). Similarly, lactic (60.4 +/- 7.6 vs. 59.2 +/- 8.3 kJ; p = 0.484, ES = 0.15); and alactic (149.3 +/- 19.9 vs. 143 +/- 21.5 kJ; p = 0.137, ES = 0.30) energy contributions showed no significant differences between the fasting and non-fasting sessions. The percentage of performance decrement (Pdec) and the percentage contributions of oxidative, lactic, and alactic pathways to the total energy expenditure did not differ significantly between the fasting and non-fasting conditions, indicating a similar bioenergetic profile across both conditions.Conclusion The present findings indicate no significant differences in performance metrics and metabolic outcomes between fasted and non-fasted states. Future assessments with longer duration and higher intensity protocols may provide further insights.
Effects of Resistance Training with and without Post-Exercise Aerobic Activity on Strength and Body Composition According to Individual Goals
(BMC, 2025) Ari, Ugur; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat
Background/ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the effects of two different training protocols aimed at muscle mass gain and fat reduction on strength development and body composition.MethodsThe study began with a total of 36 male participants and was completed with 27 participants (fat reduction group = 14 and muscle mass gain group = 13). Participants (age: 32.74 +/- 5.53 years; height: 176.81 +/- 6.89 cm; weight: 87.56 +/- 12.59 kg) performed a total of 40 training sessions over a period of 14-16 weeks. Both groups engaged in resistance training with different loading and rest structures. Additionally, the fat reduction group performed 25-30 min of post-exercise aerobic activity during each session. Anthropometric data such as height, weight, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, and arm circumference were collected using standardized protocols. Body fat percentage measurements were performed using a bioelectrical impedance analysis device. Muscle strength was measured using specific exercises, including Bench Press, Lat Pulldown, Squat, Military Shoulder Press, Barbell Curl, and Triceps Push Down. Maximum strength for each exercise was recorded at the beginning, middle (after the 8th and 24th workouts), and end (after the 40th workout) of the training intervention.ResultsThe findings indicate that the fat reduction-focused training program significantly reduced body fat percentage while also supporting some strength gains. The muscle mass gain-focused training program was more effective in promoting strength development and muscle mass gain, while also contributing to a slight reduction in body fat percentage.ConclusionsThis study confirms that customization of training protocols according to individual goals is beneficial for optimal results. Future research should incorporate a multidisciplinary approach by including nutrition and recovery strategies to further examine these effects.
Effects of Shift Work on Cognitive and Motor Performance in Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
(Wiley, 2025) Ulupinar, Fadime; Ulupinar, Suleyman
Background Shift work-especially during night hours-adversely affects nurses' cognitive and motor performance, potentially compromising patient safety. Variations in shift duration and rotation patterns contribute to these effects. Implementing evidence-based strategies such as optimized scheduling, structured rest breaks, and supportive work environments may mitigate performance declines. These findings highlight the importance of organizational policies aimed at protecting both healthcare workers and patient outcomes.Methods A comprehensive search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science identified 22 studies with 224 comparison data points for inclusion. Study quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool across seven bias domains. Analyses were performed using Python, applying random-effects models to account for heterogeneity (Cochran's Q, I2), with Egger's test used for publication bias assessment.Results Day shifts led to a small performance decline (Hedges' g = 0.238, 95% CI [0.155, 0.321]), while night shifts caused a more substantial decline (Hedges' g = 0.386, 95% CI: 0.320 to 0.451). Motor performance across all shift types showed a moderate effect size (Hedges' g = 0.326, 95% CI [0.210, 0.442]). Comparing day shifts to nonstandard shifts, a small effect size (Hedges' g = 0.220, 95% CI [0.171, 0.269]) highlighted reduced performance under irregular shift conditions. High heterogeneity in night shifts (I2 = 86.8%) suggested variability in study designs and methodologies.Linking Evidence to Action Shift work, particularly night shifts, negatively impacts cognitive and motor performance, posing risks to clinical safety. The variability in shift durations (6-17 h) and different shift rotation strategies contributed to heterogeneity. Targeted interventions, including optimized scheduling, adequate rest breaks, and supportive workplace practices, are needed to mitigate negative effects. This meta-analysis provides evidence-based insights into the detrimental effects of shift work on nurses' performance, supporting the development of policies and strategies to promote safer clinical environments and enhance healthcare quality.
Effects of Sprint Distance and Repetition Number on Energy System Contributions in Soccer Players
(Elsevier Singapore Pte Ltd, 2021) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Franchini, Emerson; Kishali, Necip Fazil; Ince, Izzet
Background/objective: This study aims to compare the effect of sprint distance and repetition number on performance, physiological responses, and energy systems contributions. Methods: Eighteen male university league soccer players (age: 19.9 +/- 1.6 years, height: 177.9 +/- 4.7 cm, body mass: 72.4 +/- 6.3 kg, percentage body fat: 8.9 +/- 1.8, training experience: 7.4 +/- 1.6 years) completed two different repeated sprint protocols: 20 x 20 m (20 x 20) and 10 x 40 m (10 x 40) with 15s and 30s rest intervals, respectively. Oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured during the rest, exercise, and recovery phases. Rest and peak blood lactate concentrations were determined. Using VO2 and lactate values, the energy system contributions were calculated using a mono-exponential model and mathematical calculations. Energy systems contributions and total energy expenditure (TEE) were calculated both for the entire protocol (overall) and for the sprints only. Results: Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), peak and mean heart rate (HR) responses were significantly higher in the 20 x 20 whereas lactate response was higher in the 10 x 40. TEE was similar between the 10 x 40 (586.3 +/- 60.8 kJ) and 20 x 20 (595.6 +/- 57.5 kJ). For overall estimations, the 10 x 40 and 20 x 20 presented similar results of oxidative (47.5 +/- 5.4 vs 45.7 +/- 5.1 kJ min(-1)) and phosphagen (44.7 +/- 5.4 vs (42.9 +/- 4.8 kJ min(-1)) systems contributions whereas glycolytic contribution was higher in the 10 x 40 (15.5 +/- 2.2 vs 12.8 +/- 2.3 kJ min-1). For sprints only estimation, the phosphagen (257.6 +/- 31.5 vs 225.2 +/- 28.2 kJ min(-1)), glycolytic (89.4 +/- 13.4 vs 67.3 +/- 12.5 kJ min(-1)), and oxidative (76.9 +/- 6.9 vs 72.0 +/- 7.9 2 kJ min(-1)) systems contributions were higher in the 10 x 40. Conclusions: Although HR and RPE responses were higher in the 20 x 20, phosphagen (during sprints) and glycolytic (during both sprints and overall protocol) were higher in the 10 x 40 protocol. Therefore, the 10 x 40 protocol seems more reasonable for developing or evaluating the anaerobic systems. (C) 2021 The Society of Chinese Scholars on Exercise Physiology and Fitness. Published by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd.
Energy Pathway Contributions During 60-Second Upper-Body Wingate Test in Greco-Roman Wrestlers: Intermittent Versus Single Forms
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat
This study aimed to investigate the energy pathway contributions and physiological and performance responses between a 10 x 6-second intermittent sprint test (IST) and a 60-second single maximal test (SMT). Seventeen highly trained male Greco-Roman wrestlers participated in this study. Participants completed the 60-second upper-body Wingate tests, both intermittent and single forms. The contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr pathways were estimated using mathematical methods based on lactate values and oxygen consumption kinetics of rest, exercise, and recovery phases. The main findings indicated that total energy expenditure (TEE) and the contribution of oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr pathways were 514 kJ, 45%, 11%, and 44% for IST (overall: sprints + rest intervals); 333 kJ, 14%, 17%, and 69% for IST (sprints only); and 159 kJ, 31%, 38%, and 31% for SMT, respectively. TEE and ATP-PCR pathway contributions were higher in the IST (both overall and sprint only), whereas glycolytic pathway contribution and delta lactate were higher in the SMT. Absolute oxidative contribution was similar, but relative oxidative contribution was higher in the SMT. Additionally, mean power was higher in the IST than SMT, whereas peak power, peak and mean heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were similar.
Energy System Contributions and Physiological Responses During Single and Repeated Wingate Exercise Forms in Kickboxers
(Edizioni Minerva Medica, 2021) Kishali, Necip F.; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the energy contributions of alactic (PCr_w), glycolytic (GLY_w), and aerobic (AER_w) system during 6-second single sprint effort (6_SSE), 60-second single maximal exercise (60_SME), and 10x6-second repeated sprint exercise with 30-second rest intervals (10x6_RSE); and to compare performance and physiological responses. METHODS: Fourteen male kickboxers participated in this study. The estimated energy contributions of PCr_w, GLY_w, and AER_w were calculated based on oxygen uptake and lactate values. For 10x6_RSE, the estimated energy demand was calculated both for the entire protocol (10x6_RSE_overall) and for the sprints only (10x6_RSE_sprints). RESULTS: The main findings showed that total energy expenditure was higher in the 10x6_RSE than that in 6_SSE and 60_SME. The relative contributions of PCr_w, GLY_w, and AER_w were 57.2%, 38.4%, and %4.4 for 6_SSE; 43.1%, 12.8%, and 44.1% for 10x6_RSE_overall; 66.6%, 19.7%, and 13.6% for 10x6_RSE_sprints; and 27.8%, 43.6%, and 28.6% for 60_SME, respectively. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the 60_SME and 10x6_RSE in the calculated PCr payments during the fast phase of EPOC, while an average of 25.1 kJ PCr payments was observed during the rest intervals of the 10x6_RSE. CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, 10x6_RSE appears reasonable in monitoring the performance of combat athletes and using it as a training strategy.
Examining the Efficacy of the Wrestling-Specific Sandbag Throw Conditioning Test in Distinguishing Between Elite and Sub-Elite Wrestlers
(Atatürk Univ, 2025) Gencoglu, Cebrail; Ozbay, Serhat; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Asan, Selim; Ince, Izzet; Kishali, Necip Fazil
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sandbag Throw Conditioning Test (STCT) in distinguishing between elite and sub-elite wrestlers. This test has been developed to assess performance levels specific to the sport of wrestling. A total of 30 male wrestlers voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups: elite and sub-elite. The STCT protocol was applied to both groups, and performance results were recorded. An independent samples t-test was conducted to determine if there were significant differences between the groups. Additionally, discriminant function analysis was performed to assess the extent to which the STCT correctly classified the groups. Statistical analyses were carried out using R software, and a significance level of p<.05 was considered. The p-values obtained for all rounds and the total score ranged between 0.005 and 0.013, indicating statistically significant differences between elite and sub-elite wrestlers. The analyses demonstrate that the STCT was able to successfully differentiate between the groups and that the test effectively reflects the performance levels of wrestlers. Additionally, the discriminant function analysis revealed that 70% of the participants were correctly classified. Considering that the probability of distinguishing between groups by random guessing is 50%, the STCT does not appear to be a highly successful test for differentiating between elite and sub-elite wrestlers. This suggests that the test may not fully capture the complex, sport-specific dynamics of wrestling performance, and highlights the need for more specialized, dynamic tests that better reflect the nuances of the sport.
Exercise in the Cold Causes Greater Irisin Release but May Not Be Enough for Adropin
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2021) Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Altinkaynak, Konca; Sebin, Engin; Oymak, Burak
When irisin and adropin were discovered, it was popularly hoped that they would become therapies for metabolic disorders that threaten global health. However, contradictory results have been reported in the subsequent period. Irisin, induced by exercise or cold exposure, is believed to be a myokine that causes the browning of adipose tissue thus increasing energy expenditure. Adropin is thought to be beneficial for health by regulating blood flow, capillary density, and playing an active role in glucose and insulin homeostasis. However, there were no experimental studies investigating the simultaneous effect of exercise and cold exposure in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate irisin and adropin responses in young healthy individuals performing aerobic exercise in different environmental temperatures. Twenty-seven young, healthy individuals participated in this study. Participants performed 40 min of aerobic running exercise in environmental temperatures of 0 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 24 degrees C. Venous blood samples were taken pre- and post-exercise. Irisin and adropin levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The principal findings showed that while serum irisin concentrations significantly increased after aerobic exercise was performed at an environmental temperature of 0 degrees C, there was no significant difference between pre- and post-exercise recordings for physical activity performed at 12 degrees C and 24 degrees C. Adropin concentrations, however, remained unchanged between pre- and post-exercise at 0 degrees C, 12 degrees C, and 24 degrees C. Interestingly, the exercise at 0 degrees C caused an increase in adropin (12.5%), but this amount was not enough to be a statistically significant result. The findings of this study suggest that aerobic exercise in a cold environment causes greater irisin release. However, the combined effect of exercise and cold exposure may not be enough to statistically increase adropin level.
The Impact of Inactivity During the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Physical Performance of High School Athletes
(BMC, 2024) Asan, Selim; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ozbay, Serhat; Namli, Sevinc; Gencoglu, Cebrail; Canyurt, Ferhat; Ozkara, Abdullah Bora
Background/Objective This study was conducted during the 2019-2020 academic year to evaluate the impact of participation in school sports on students' Body Mass Index (BMI) and Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA) test scores. Interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a suspension of in-person education, the study resumed in September 2021, refocusing on the effects of pandemic-induced inactivity on the physical fitness levels of the same cohort.Methods The study included twenty-nine male high school students (age: 17,24 +/- 0,73 years), divided into thirteen athletes (participating in sports such as football, basketball, and track) and sixteen non-athletic counterparts. They underwent reassessment using the ALPHA test battery, evaluating cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and motor skills fitness. Data were analyzed using independent and paired samples t-tests and a two-way repeated measures ANOVA to assess changes over time and between groups. Discriminant function analysis evaluated the ALPHA test's ability to classify students based on their athletic status pre- and post-pandemic.Results Initially, athlete students exhibited significantly better BMI, 20 m shuttle run, and 4 x 10 m speed run scores compared to their non-athlete peers. After the pandemic, only the 20 m shuttle run scores remained significantly higher for athletes, with diminished distinctions in other fitness areas. The classification accuracy of the ALPHA test battery decreased from 89.7 to 75.9% post-pandemic.Conclusion The enforced sedentary lifestyle due to the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affected all students, particularly diminishing health-related fitness parameters such as body composition, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal strength, and motor skills. Students previously engaged in regular physical activity, notably school athletes, experienced significant fitness declines. This highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to encourage active lifestyles among youth in the post-pandemic phase, aiming to avert long-term adverse health outcomes.
Investigation of the Intra and Inter-Day Reliability of the Athletic Shoulder Test Using the Wii Balance Board in Volleyball Players
(BMC, 2025) Ciftci, Muhammet Cihat; Celik, Seyfullah; Cabuk, Salih; Ulupinar, Suleyman; Ince, Izzet
This study investigates the intra-day and inter-day reliability of the athletic shoulder test (AST) using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board (NWBB) in volleyball players. Twenty experienced players aged 14.48 +/- 1.327 years participated, with no chronic health issues or injuries. Using a prospective cohort design, participants performed two trials in each of the I, Y, and T positions with both arms across three sessions conducted on two separate days. Reliability was assessed using standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC), and coefficient of variation (CV). Intra-day ICC values ranged from 0.908 to 0.969, and inter-day ICC values ranged from 0.819 to 0.948. SEM values varied from 1.996 to 6.781 N, while MDC values ranged from 5.533 to 18.708 N. CV values were within acceptable limits. These results indicate that the AST using NWBB provides good to excellent reliability for both intra-day and inter-day measurements in volleyball players.
Limb Strength Asymmetries in Elite Academy Volleyball Players: Impacts on Performance Outcomes and Insights Derived from Principal Component Analysis
(BMC, 2025) Yesilyurt, Hakki; Cabuk, Salih; Ince, Izzet; Tortu, Erkan; Ulupinar, Suleyman
BackgroundThe purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to investigate intra- and inter-limb strength imbalances and asymmetries in elite academy volleyball players and their relationships with sprint performance, kinetics, kinematics, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and agility performances and (2) to apply principle component analysis (PCA) to identify and better understand the underlying factors that contributing to volleyball performance.MethodsThirty-seven elite academy volleyball players completed four testing sessions, assessing pro-agility, sprint, isokinetic strength at 60 degrees s-1 and 180 degrees s-1, and jump performance. Intra-limb asymmetries were calculated using hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios, whereas inter-limb asymmetries were determined using the percentage difference method.ResultsAt 60 degrees s-1, the intra-limbNDL ratio showed negative correlations with dominant and non-dominant leg ground contact time (GCTDL and GCTNDL, respectively) and a positive correlation with dominant leg flight time (FTDL) and difference between CMJ and SJ heights (CMJSJdiff). Hamstring asymmetry (Hasymmetry) at 60 degrees s-1 correlated positively with 5 m (S5m) and 20 m (S20m) sprint performances and negatively with theoretical maximal velocity (V0) while at 180 degrees s-1, it showed small negative correlations with V0. At 180 degrees s-1, quadriceps asymmetry (Qasymmetry) correlated positively with S5m, relative theoretical maximum force (F0rel), and relative theoretical maximum power (Pmaxrel) but negatively with V0, CMJDL, and CMJ. The PCA results showed that the first four principal components, explaining 51.0% of the total variance and contributing to 88.2% across 12 dimensions, were mainly linked to jump performance, lower-limb strength, sprint performance, and intra-limb ratios.ConclusionsIntra-limb and inter-limb strength imbalances and asymmetries were found to be weakly to moderately associated with sprint performance, sprint kinetics, kinematics, and jump-related outcomes. PCA results further identified jump variables, lower-limb strength, sprint metrics, and intra-limb ratios as key, interconnected contributors to volleyball performance.