Pseudomonas Aeruginosa'da Biyofilm Direnç Genleri Üzerine Bazı Antibiyotiklerin Etkileri
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2022
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram-negatif, sporsuz, hareketli, kapsülsüz, çevre koşullarına kolaylıkla uyum sağlayabilen ve aynı zamanda biyofilm oluşturma yeteneğine sahip, fırsatçı bir patojendir. Hastane ve toplum kaynaklı P. aeruginosa izolatları çoklu ilaç direncine ve biyofilm-spesifik antibiyotik dirençliliğine sahiptir. Bu durum tedavilerde büyük problemlere yol açmaktadır. Biyofilm-spesifik antibiyotik dirençliliği veya biyofilm dirençliliği, biyofilm içerisinde büyüyen hücrelerin antibiyotiklere 10-1000 kat daha fazla dirençli olması ile yakın ilişkilidir. Bu tez çalışmasında, P. aeruginosa'da çeşitli genlerin biyofilm yapısındaki hücrelerde daha fazla eksprese edilmesi sonucu oluşan biyofilm dirençliliğinin bazı antibiyotikler varlığındaki durumları incelenmiştir. İlk olarak, P. aeruginosa (PAO1) suşu kullanılarak, siprofloksasin, tobramisin, fosfomisin ve piperasilin/tazobaktam antibiyotiklerinin disk difüzyon testi yapılmış ve mikrodilüsyon testi ile minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MİK) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, kristal viole (CV) testi ile minimum biyofilm inhibitör konsantrasyon (MBİK) değerleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Ardından, alt-MİK konsantrasyonlarında antibiyotik uygulaması yapılarak, antibiyotiklerin hareketlilik üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Son olarak, alt-MİK konsantrasyonda antibiyotik uygulaması ile koloni biyofilm testi yapılmış ve RNA'ları izole edilmiştir. Bu RNA'lar cDNA'ya çevrilerek, RT-PCR ile ndvB, tssC1, PA2070 ve PA5033 genlerinin ekspresyon seviyeleri belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, planktonik kültürlerle karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Sonuçlarımıza göre, planktonik hücrelere kıyasla, fosfomisin dışındaki antibiyotiklerin biyofilm yapısında biyofilm direnç genlerinin ekspresyon seviyelerini azalttığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, antibiyotik uygulanmamış biyofilm yapısına kıyasla, antibiyotik uygulama gruplarında biyofilm direnç genlerinin ekspresyon seviyelerinde artış meydana geldiği bulunmuştur.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, sporeless, motile, non-encapsulated, aerobic, opportunistic pathogen that can easily adapt to environmental conditions and also has the ability to form biofilms. Hospital and community-acquired P. aeruginosa isolates have multidrug resistance and biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance. This situation causes great problems in treatment. Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance or biofilm resistance is closely related to the fact that cells growing in a biofilm are 10-1000 times more resistant to antibiotics. In this thesis, biofilm resistance, which is caused by the higher expression of various genes in the biofilm structure, in the presence of some antibiotics in P. aeruginosa was investigated. First, a disc diffusion test of ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, fosfomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam antibiotics was performed using P. aeruginosa (PAO1) strain and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by microdilution test. In addition, the minimum biofilm inhibitor concentration (MBIC) values were determined by the crystal violet (CV) test. Then, the effect of antibiotics on motility was investigated by applying antibiotics at sub-MIC concentrations. Finally, colony biofilm testing was performed with sub-MIC concentration of antibiotics and their RNAs were isolated. These RNAs were converted into cDNA and expression levels of ndvB, tssC1, PA2070 and PA5033 genes were determined by using the RT-PCR technique. In addition, planktonic cultures were used to compare each group. According to our results, it was observed that antibiotics decreased the expression levels of biofilm resistance genes in the biofilm structure compared to planktonic cells except fosfomycin. In addition, biofilm resistance was observed in the antibiotic treatment groups compared to the non-antibiotic-treated biofilm structure.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, sporeless, motile, non-encapsulated, aerobic, opportunistic pathogen that can easily adapt to environmental conditions and also has the ability to form biofilms. Hospital and community-acquired P. aeruginosa isolates have multidrug resistance and biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance. This situation causes great problems in treatment. Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance or biofilm resistance is closely related to the fact that cells growing in a biofilm are 10-1000 times more resistant to antibiotics. In this thesis, biofilm resistance, which is caused by the higher expression of various genes in the biofilm structure, in the presence of some antibiotics in P. aeruginosa was investigated. First, a disc diffusion test of ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, fosfomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam antibiotics was performed using P. aeruginosa (PAO1) strain and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by microdilution test. In addition, the minimum biofilm inhibitor concentration (MBIC) values were determined by the crystal violet (CV) test. Then, the effect of antibiotics on motility was investigated by applying antibiotics at sub-MIC concentrations. Finally, colony biofilm testing was performed with sub-MIC concentration of antibiotics and their RNAs were isolated. These RNAs were converted into cDNA and expression levels of ndvB, tssC1, PA2070 and PA5033 genes were determined by using the RT-PCR technique. In addition, planktonic cultures were used to compare each group. According to our results, it was observed that antibiotics decreased the expression levels of biofilm resistance genes in the biofilm structure compared to planktonic cells except fosfomycin. In addition, biofilm resistance was observed in the antibiotic treatment groups compared to the non-antibiotic-treated biofilm structure.
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Mikrobiyoloji, Biyofilmler, Gerçek Zamanlı Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (rt-pcr), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Microbiology, Biofilms, Reverse Transcription Polimerase Chain Reaction, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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