Ramnolipit Kullanılarak Hazırlanan Nisin Yüklü Pva-Plga Nanopartiküllerinin Antibiyofilm Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi
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2025
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Biyofilmler, biyotik veya abiyotik yüzeylerde gelişen ve ciddi enfeksiyonlara sebep olan mikrobiyal topluluklardır. Son yıllarda araştırmacılar biyofilmle mücadele için, biyouyumluluk, hedefe özgü ilaç taşıma, etken madde stabilitesi gibi özellikleriden dolayı nanobiyoteknolojik ilaç taşıma sistemlerine yönelmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında, solvent evaporasyon yöntemiyle hazırlanan nisin yüklü polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanopartiküllerinde PVA (polivinil alkol)'ya ek olarak kosürfektan olarak kullanılan ramnolipitin(R) etkileri S. aureus ATCC 25923 biyofilmlerine karşı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla farklı oranlarda ramnolipit kosürfektanıyla hazırlanan 10 nanoformülasyondan, ortalama boyut (d.nm), zeta-potansiyel (ZP), poli-dağılım indeksi (PDI), ilaç enkapsülasyon yüzdesi (%EE) ve ilaç yükleme yüzdesi (%DL) açısından en uygun NP5 formülasyonu seçilmiştir. NP5 nanoformülasyonun pH, iyonik güç, termal ve serum ortamındaki koşullara dayanımı Zeta-sizer cihazıyla tespit edilmiştir. Ardından, NP5 nanoformülasyonun, agar difüzyon testi ve minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonu (MİK) ile antimikrobiyal etkinliği ve Cell Proliferation Kit (XTT) testi ve minimum biyofilm inhibitör konsantrasyon (MBİK) ile antibiyofilm etkinlikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca nanotaşıyıcı sistemler için biyouyumluluğunu kontrol amacıyla insan fibroblast hücrelerine karşı sitotoksititesi Cell Viability Detection Kit 8 (CVDK-8) testiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, NP5, ramnolipitsiz hazırlanan formülasyona (NP0) göre fizyolojik şartlara karşı d. nm, ZP ve PDI değerleri açısından daha stabil olduğu tespit edilmiş ve bu avantajları sayesinde daha iyi antimikrobiyal ve antibiyofilm özellik sergilerken, antibiyofilm inhibisyonu olarak NP0 formülasyonuna kıyasla %18 daha fazla S. aureus biyofilm hücrelerini inhibe etmiştir. Sitotoksik aktivite çalışması sonucunda NP5 formülasyonunun NP0' a göre daha çok biyouyumlu olduğu tespit edilmiş ve hemolitik aktiviteye sahip olmadığı doğrulanmıştır. Tez çalışması sonucunda PVA-R sürfektanıyla hazırlanan PLGA nanopartiküllerinin, S. aureus kaynaklı biyofilmlerle mücadelede yeni bir ilaç taşıma sistemi olarak kullanılabilecek potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Biofilms are microbial communities that develop on biotic or abiotic surfaces and cause serious infections. In recent years, researchers have turned to nanobiotechnological drug delivery systems to combat biofilms due to their properties such as biocompatibility, target-specific drug delivery, and drug substance stability. In this thesis, the effects of rhamnolipid (R), used as a cosurfactant in addition to PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) in nisin-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles prepared by solvent evaporation, were evaluated against S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilms. For this purpose, NP5 formulation was selected as the most suitable in terms of mean size (d.nm), zeta-potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), drug encapsulation percentage (%EE), and drug loading percentage (%DL) from 10 nanoformulations prepared with rhamnolipid cosurfactant at different ratios. The resistance of the NP5 nanoformulation to pH, ionic strength, thermal, and serum conditions was determined using the Zeta-sizer device. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of the NP5 nanoformulation was evaluated using the agar diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and its antibiofilm activity was evaluated using the Cell Proliferation Kit (XTT) test and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). Furthermore, to check biocompatibility for nanocarrier systems, its cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cells was assessed using the Cell Viability Detection Kit 8 (CVDK-8) test. Consequently, NP5 was found to be more stable under physiological conditions in terms of d.nm, ZP, and PDI values compared to the formulation prepared without rhamnolipid (NP0). Thanks to these advantages, NP5 exhibited better antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, while inhibiting 18% more S. aureus biofilm cells compared to the NP0 formulation. Cytotoxic activity studies revealed that the NP5 formulation was more biocompatible than NP0 and confirmed to have no hemolytic activity. The thesis study determined that PLGA nanoparticles prepared with PVA-R surfactant have the potential to be used as a new drug delivery system in combating S. aureus-induced biofilms.
Biofilms are microbial communities that develop on biotic or abiotic surfaces and cause serious infections. In recent years, researchers have turned to nanobiotechnological drug delivery systems to combat biofilms due to their properties such as biocompatibility, target-specific drug delivery, and drug substance stability. In this thesis, the effects of rhamnolipid (R), used as a cosurfactant in addition to PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) in nisin-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles prepared by solvent evaporation, were evaluated against S. aureus ATCC 25923 biofilms. For this purpose, NP5 formulation was selected as the most suitable in terms of mean size (d.nm), zeta-potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), drug encapsulation percentage (%EE), and drug loading percentage (%DL) from 10 nanoformulations prepared with rhamnolipid cosurfactant at different ratios. The resistance of the NP5 nanoformulation to pH, ionic strength, thermal, and serum conditions was determined using the Zeta-sizer device. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of the NP5 nanoformulation was evaluated using the agar diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and its antibiofilm activity was evaluated using the Cell Proliferation Kit (XTT) test and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). Furthermore, to check biocompatibility for nanocarrier systems, its cytotoxicity against human fibroblast cells was assessed using the Cell Viability Detection Kit 8 (CVDK-8) test. Consequently, NP5 was found to be more stable under physiological conditions in terms of d.nm, ZP, and PDI values compared to the formulation prepared without rhamnolipid (NP0). Thanks to these advantages, NP5 exhibited better antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, while inhibiting 18% more S. aureus biofilm cells compared to the NP0 formulation. Cytotoxic activity studies revealed that the NP5 formulation was more biocompatible than NP0 and confirmed to have no hemolytic activity. The thesis study determined that PLGA nanoparticles prepared with PVA-R surfactant have the potential to be used as a new drug delivery system in combating S. aureus-induced biofilms.
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Biyoteknoloji, Mikrobiyoloji, Biotechnology, Microbiology
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