Gurtas Dogan, SemraKaya, Kerem MertKaya, Omer TahaKaya, Umut EfeMustafa, Omar2026-03-262026-03-2620250031-89491402-489610.1088/1402-4896/adfe2d2-s2.0-105015595141https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/adfe2dhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14901/3058Mustafa, Omar/0000-0001-6664-3859; Gurtas Dogan, Semra/0000-0001-7345-3287We present an exact theoretical investigation of the optical properties of helicoidal graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) by deriving the spatial and frequency-dependent refractive index n(xi,omega) within the continuum medium approximation. The Helmholtz equation is formulated on a helicoidal surface parameterized by intrinsic coordinates and is transformed into a Schr & ouml;dinger-like equation, where the surface curvature gives rise to an effective geometric potential. This framework enables the precise computation of the refractive index n(xi,omega) , allowing for a detailed and general analysis of its behavior in all physically relevant regimes. The results demonstrate that the curvature-induced optical response is pronounced in the visible frequency range, indicating a significant geometric influence on wave propagation. In the high-frequency limit omega ->infinity , the refractive index asymptotically approaches unity (n -> 1), and the gamma rays propagate as if in a vacuum, showing complete insensitivity to the background curvature. These findings underscore the crucial role of geometry in modulating the optical behavior of nanoscale materials.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessWave OpticsHelicoidal GrapheneEffective PotentialNanoribbonsRefractive IndexArticle