Lin, Wan-TengHe, Yen-HuaLo, Yun-HsinChiang, Yu-TingWang, Sheng-YangBezirganoglu, IsmailKumar, K. J. Senthil2026-03-262026-03-2620232223-774710.3390/plants120612412-s2.0-85151475040https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061241https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14901/3190Lin, Wan-Teng/0000-0001-7700-3398; Kj, Senthil Kumar/0000-0002-8310-0546; Wang, Sheng-Yang/0000-0002-8579-3569;Glossogyne tenuifolia Cassini (Hsiang-Ju in Chinese) is a perennial herb native to Taiwan. It was used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective agent. Recent studies have shown that extracts of G. tenuifolia possess various bioactivities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and anti-cancer properties. However, the pharmacological activities of G. tenuifolia essential oils have not been studied. In this study, we extracted essential oil from air-dried G. tenuifolia plants, then investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of G. tenuifolia essential oil (GTEO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) in vitro. Treatment with GTEO (25, 50, and 100 mu g/mL) significantly as well as dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) production, without causing cytotoxicity. Q-PCR and immunoblotting analysis revealed that the inhibition of NO and PGE(2) was caused by downregulation of their corresponding mediator genes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. Immunofluorescence and luciferase reporter assays revealed that the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 genes by GTEO was associated with the suppression of nuclear export and transcriptional activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor -kappa B (NF-kappa B). In addition, GTEO treatment significantly inhibited phosphorylation and proteosomal degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappa B (I-kappa B alpha), an endogenous repressor of NF-kappa B. Moreover, treatment with GTEO significantly blocked the LPS-mediated activation of inhibitory kappa beta kinase I-kappa B alpha, an upstream kinase of the I-kappa B alpha. Furthermore, p-cymene, beta-myrcene, beta-cedrene, cis-rho-ocimene, alpha-pinene, and (D)-limonene were represented as major components of GTEO. We found that treatment with pcymene, alpha-pinene, and (D)-limonene were significantly inhibiting LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that GTEO inhibits inflammation through the downregulation of NF-kappa B-mediated inflammatory genes and pro-inflammatory molecules in macrophage cells.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessGlossogyne TenuifoliaAsteraceaeEssential OilAnti-InflammationNF-Kappa BArticle